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Chronic pain involves persistent nociceptor and microglial overactivation, which leads to electron transport chain (ETC) dysfunction in neuronal mitochondria and excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS)

Most patients report decreased hunger and earlier satiety within the first one to two weeks of starting GLP-1 therapy

Ongoing replenishment of active antioxidants is essential to ensure effective defense against reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly in the case of prolonged exposure to high-temperature stress

The evolution of free radicals and oxidative stress

Electron microscopy studies showed neurosecretory granules and detected high urinary levels of vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)